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The tradition that 613 commandments ((ヘブライ語:תרי"ג מצוות): ''taryag mitzvot'', "613 mitzvot") is the number of mitzvot in the Torah, began in the 3rd century CE, when Rabbi Simlai mentioned it in a sermon that is recorded in Talmud Makkot 23b. These principles of Biblical law are sometimes called connections or commandments (''mitzvot'') and referred to collectively as the "Law of Moses" (''Torat Moshe'', ), "Mosaic Law", "Sinaitic Law", or simply "the Law". The word ''mitzvot'' is plural; singular is ''mitzvah''. Although there have been many attempts to codify and enumerate the commandments contained in the Torah, the traditional view is based on Maimonides' enumeration. The 613 commandments include "positive commandments", to perform an act (''mitzvot aseh''), and "negative commandments", to abstain from certain acts (''mitzvot lo taaseh''). The negative commandments number 365, which coincides with the number of days in the solar year, and the positive commandments number 248, a number ascribed to the number of bones and main organs in the human body (Babylonian Talmud, ''Makkot'' 23b-24a).〔As stated by the (Jewish Virtual Library ): "There is also complete agreement that these 613 ''mitzvot'' can be broken down into 248 positive ''mitzvot'' (one for each bone and organ of the male body) and 365 negative ''mitzvot'' (one for each day of the solar year)."〕 Though the number 613 is mentioned in the Talmud, its real significance increased in later medieval rabbinic literature, including many works listing or arranged by the ''mitzvot''. Three types of negative commandments fall under the self-sacrificial principle ''yehareg ve'al ya'avor'', meaning "One should let oneself be killed rather than violate it". These are murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual relations.〔Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 74a〕 The 613 mitzvot have been divided also into three general categories: mishpatim; edot; and chukim. Mishpatim ("laws") include commandments that are deemed to be self-evident, such as not to murder and not to steal. Edot ("testimonies") commemorate important events in Jewish history. For example, the Shabbat is said to testify to the story that Hashem created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day and declared it holy. Chukim ("decrees") are commandments with no known rationale, and are perceived as pure manifestations of the Divine will. Many of the mitzvot cannot be observed now, following the destruction of the Second Temple, although they still retain religious significance. According to one standard reckoning, there are 77 positive and 194 negative commandments that can be observed today, of which there are 26 commands that apply only within the Land of Israel.〔HaCohen, Yisrael Meir. ''The Concise Book of ''Mitzvoth'': The Commandments which can be Observed Today,'' Trans., Charles Wengrov. Feldheim, 1990.〕 Furthermore, there are some time-related commandments from which women are exempt (examples include ''shofar'', ''sukkah'', ''lulav'', ''tzitzit'' and ''tefillin'').〔Talmud Kiddushin 29a〕 Some depend on the special status of a person in Judaism (such as ''kohanim''), while others apply only to men or only to women. ==Significance of 613== According to the Talmud (tractate Makkoth 23b), is to be interpreted to mean that Moses transmitted the "Torah" from God to the Israelites: "Moses commanded us the Torah as an inheritance for the community of Jacob". The Talmud notes that the Hebrew numerical value (''gematria'') of the word "Torah" is 611, and combining Moses's 611 commandments with the first two of the Ten Commandments which were the only ones heard directly from God, adds up to 613.〔Makkoth 24a〕 The Talmud attributes the number 613 to Rabbi Simlai, but other classical sages who hold this view include Rabbi Simeon ben Azzai (Sifre, Deuteronomy 76) and Rabbi Eleazar ben Yose the Galilean (Midrash Aggadah to Genesis 15:1). It is quoted in Midrash Shemot Rabbah 33:7, Bamidbar Rabbah 13:15–16; 18:21 and Talmud Yevamot 47b. Many Jewish philosophical and mystical works (e.g. by Baal ha-Turim, the Maharal of Prague and leaders of Hasidic Judaism) find allusions and inspirational calculations relating to the number of commandments. The ''tzitzit'' ("knotted fringes") of the ''tallit'' ("() shawl") are connected to the 613 commandments by interpretation: principal Torah commentator Rashi bases the number of knots on a ''gematria'': the word tzitzit (Hebrew: ציצת (Biblical), ציצית, in its Mishnaic spelling) has the value 600. Each tassel has eight threads (when doubled over) and five sets of knots, totalling 13. The sum of all numbers is 613. This reflects the concept that donning a garment with tzitzit reminds its wearer of all Torah commandments.〔Rashi's commentary on Numbers 15:39 (from Numbers Rabbah 18)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「613 commandments」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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